A. Find the words in the text that mean the same as the following. The first letters are given.
a. the system that completely separated black people from white people. (a…………….)
Ans: apartheid
b. formal objection (p………….….)
Ans: protest
c. an ethnical group of people (t…..…..……..)
Ans: tribe
d. an act undertaken to achieve a set goal (c……………..)
Ans: campaign
e. the formal beginning of any movement (i………….…..)
Ans: inauguration
f. a strong feeling of excitement and happiness (e……………..)
Ans: exhilaration
g. being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions (e…….……….)
Ans: emancipation
B. Find these words in a dictionary and write their meanings as they are used in the text.
liberty = the state of being free to love without too many restrictions from government
Conflict = a serious disagreement between/ among people or groups with opposing opinions
Ideology = a set of beliefs that an economic or political system is based on
Oppression = cruel and unfair treatment of authority or power
Privilege = something that are proud and lucky to have the opportunity to do
Dignity = the fact of being worthy of honor and respect
Surrender = to give up control of something when you are forced to
Reconciliation = the restoration of a good relationship
C. The ‘d’ or ‘ed’ in the following verbs have different pronunciation. Put these verbs in the correct box.
/t/
/d/
/ɪd/
asked
killed
ended
missed
smiled
decided
watched
visited
picked
lasted
fixed
blessed
walked
wanted
blessed
enjoyed
brushed
stopped
reached
laughed
Comprehension
Answer these questions:
a. What were the restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa?
Ans: Racial, segregation, political and economic discrimination were the restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa.
b. Why was Mandela arrested?
Ans: Mandela was arrested because he was charged with organizing an armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC).
c. How did he describe racism and racial oppression?
Ans: He described racism and racial oppression as the pernicious or dangerous ideology and practice.
d. Why did he thank all the international guests?
Ans: Nelson Mandela thanked all the international guests for having come to take possession with the people of his country. That ceremony was a common victory for justice, for peace and for human dignity.
e. Why did he think that people in his country had achieved political emancipation?
Ans: Nelson Mandela thought that people in his country had achieved political freedom to liberate themselves from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination.
f. What is the main point of Mandela’s speech?
Ans: The main point of Mandela’s speech is that people of South Africa should build a society where justice, peace, rights and equality will be for all the people.
Critical Thinking
a. What does Mandela mean when he says – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world?
Ans: Mandela’s expression ‘a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world’ to means South Africans build such a society where both black and white will be able to walk tall without any fear in their hearts. They also assured of their inalienable right to human dignity. Rainbow is the combination of seven colors. In South Africans cultures, the rainbow symbolizes hope and bright future.
South Africa is referred to a Rainbow Nation to describe the unity of various cultural, racial or ethnic groups in the country. During the apartheid period, people are divided or separated on the basis of skin color. Mandela wants them to live and work together in unity like the band of colors in a rainbow. He wished they could forget the vicious and repressive past.
b. Mandela should have avenged on those who imprisoned him for such a long period. Instead, he followed the path of reconciliation. Why do you think he did so?
Ans: Mandela led his country wisely and promoted national reconciliation. He was met expectations of supporters around the world. He successfully directed a country at the time of chaos with negotiated settlement. He isn’t only encouraged or promoted the development in the abstract but also performed with confidence in reaching out to former opponents. He never avenged on those who imprisoned him, tortured his people and committed horrible atrocities against the non-white populaces in South Africa.
Mandela possessed the capacity of forgiveness. He believed that the feeling of avenge and hate divides the people and creates disorder. A division in a society interrupts harmony among the people. Ruling over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, he sa national reconciliation as the fundamental task of his presidency. Post-colonial African economies were spoiled by the departure of white elites. Mandela assured South Africa’s white population that they were protected and represented in South Africa. He made his people believe that prosperity could not be possible without unity. His aim was to liberate all his people from the poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination.
c. Why and how have societies struggled with segregation in the world? Do you find any evidence of segregation in your society? Discuss.
Ans: Segregation is the social separation of human beings on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity or nationality. Many people of the world are struggling with social separation problem in the world. Racial segregation is one of the most common forms of segregation in developed countries. Cast segregation is one of the most common forms of segregation in the Hindu culture. There are cast segregation problems in Muslims and Christian also. Any types of segregation can tensions to social, economic and political.
The Nepalese Constitution Law doesn’t allow any segregation in terms of religion, caste and ethnicity. But, there are many separations in the society on the basis of religion, caste and ethnicity. There is discrimination in the society on the basis of cast in the Hindu community. In many places of Nepal, some casts aren’t allowed to enter in the temple as well as in the house. In some Hindu temples, Muslims aren’t allowed to enter. There is separation between Hilly region and Terai region.
Grammar
B. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t. Use one of these verbs.
drink
visit
leave
roam
quit
a. You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you shouldn’t quit it.
b. That’s a very dangerous area. Tourists shouldn’t visit there.
c. I’m going to be late. Do you think I should leave now?
d. Children shouldn’t drink sugary drinks. It’s not very healthy.
e. I have lots of homework. I shouldn’t roam here and there today.
C. Put in had better or should.
a. I think you should learn English to enroll a university course.
b. It’s a great film. You should go and see it.
c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I had better go now or I’ll be late.
d. These biscuits are delicious. You should try one.
e. We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.
f. When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.
g. I should get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.
